This regime, the secular, modernizing Pahlavi dynasty, founded by Reza Shah in the early twentieth century (1925) put the treatment of women at the center of its project to modernize Iran. Backgroundįurther information: Hijab in Iran Condition of women and the Islamic RepublicĪmong the primary tenets of the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution was the need to overthrow the (allegedly) anti-Islamic, oppressive and foreign power-controlled monarchy of Iran. The government's response to the protests and its "brutal and disproportionate use of force against peaceful protesters and children" was widely condemned, but Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Ali Khamenei dismissed the unrest as "riots" and part of a " hybrid war" against Iran created by foreign enemy states and dissidents abroad. In addition to demands for increased rights for women, the protests have demanded the overthrow of the Islamic Republic, setting them apart from previous major protest movements in Iran, which have focused on election results or economic woes. įemales, including schoolchildren, have played a key role in the demonstrations. Before February 2023 when most were pardoned, an estimated 19,262 were arrested across at least 134 cities and towns and 132 universities. At least 551 people, including 68 minors, had been killed as a result of the government's intervention in the protests, as of 15 September 2023. Īlthough the protests have not been as deadly as those in 2019 (when more than 1,500 were killed), they have been "nationwide, spread across social classes, universities, the streets schools". As the protests spread from Amini's hometown of Saqqez to other cities in the Iranian Kurdistan and throughout Iran, the government responded with widespread Internet blackouts, nationwide restrictions on social media usage, tear gas and gunfire. She subsequently collapsed, was hospitalized and died three days later. According to eyewitnesses, she was severely beaten by Guidance Patrol officers, (this was denied by Iranian authorities). The protests have been called "unlike any the country had seen before", the "biggest challenge" to the government, and "most widespread revolt", since the Islamic Revolution in 1979.Īmini was arrested by the Guidance Patrol on 13 September 2022 for allegedly violating Iran's mandatory hijab law by wearing her hijab "improperly" while visiting Tehran from Saqqez. As of September 2023 the "ruling elite" of Iran is said to remain "deeply entrenched" in power. Ĭivil unrest and protests against the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran (also IRI or nezam) associated with the death in police custody of Mahsa Amini ( Persian: مهسا امینی) began on 16 September 2022, carried on into 2023, but were said to have "dwindled" or "died down" by spring of 2023. Īs of 4 November 2022, over 14,000 were arrested throughout 134 cities and towns, and at 132 universities (HRANA). More than 300 protesters killed, including more than 30 minors, in 25 out of 31 provinces ( United Nations), as of 22 November 2022 Ģ00 killed (state media) as of 3 December 2022 Ĩ98+ as of 26 September 2022 Īs many as 19,262 ( HRANA, as of 6 January 2023). At least 551 protesters including 68 minors killed ( Iran Human Rights) as of 15 September 2023 ĥ17 protesters including 70 minors killed, as well as 68 security force members ( HRANA), as of 6 January 2023
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